A Formalism for the Consistent Description of Non-linear Elasticity of Anisotropic Media
نویسنده
چکیده
La propagation des ondes lastiques est gnralement traite sous quatre hypothses : Ð le milieu est isotrope, Ð le milieu est homogne, Ð il y a une relation biunivoque entre la tension et la dformation, Ð les tensions sont relies dÕune faon linaire aux dformations (et de manire quivalente, les dformations sont relies dÕune faon linaire aux tensions). En gnral au moins une de ces hypothses Ñ et souvent toutes Ñ nÕest pas vrifie dans les milieux rels. Une description thorique valide de la propagation des ondes dans les milieux rels dpend ainsi de la description la fois qualitative et quantitative de lÕhtrognit, de lÕanisotropie et de la non-linarit : soit on doit supposer (ou montrer) que lÕcart par rapport lÕhypothse de dpart peut tre Ñ pour le problme considr Ñ nglig, soit on doit dvelopper une description thorique, valide mme en prsence de ces carts. Alors que lÕeffet dÕun seul cart par rapport un tat idal est relativement bien connu, les difficults surviennent quand on veut combiner plusieurs de ces carts. Les proprits lastiques non linaires dÕchantillons de roche anisotropes (tricliniques) ont t tudies, par P. Rasolofosaon et H. Yin au 6e IWSA Trondheim (Rasolofosaon et Yin, 1996). LÕlasticit anisotrope non linaire est importante seulement pour les amplitudes Ç non infinitsimales È, c'est--dire dans un certain voisinage de la source. LÕtendue de ce voisinage dpend de la prcision de lÕobservation et de lÕinterprtation que lÕon tente de maintenir, de lÕintensit de la source, et du degr de non-linarit. Cet article traite du dernier aspect, c'est--dire de la signification des nombres au-del du fait quÕils sont le rsultat de mesures. Pour la mesure de la non-linarit des matriaux, on peut utiliser le seuil de dformation au niveau duquel le tenseur de rigidit effective sÕcarte sensiblement du tenseur de rigidit dformation nulle. Il est particulirement utile de prendre en compte le systme propre du tenseur de rigidit (six rigidits propres et six dformations propres) : les dformations propres fournissent des Ç types de dformation È adapts au calcul du tenseur de rigidit effective, et la perturbation peut tre exprime par le changement relatif des rigidits propres et par la variation des directions propres associes aux dformations propres (exprimes en tant que vecteurs dans un espace six dimensions).
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