A Formalism for the Consistent Description of Non-linear Elasticity of Anisotropic Media

نویسنده

  • K. HELBIG
چکیده

La propagation des ondes Žlastiques est gŽnŽralement traitŽe sous quatre hypothses : Ð le milieu est isotrope, Ð le milieu est homogne, Ð il y a une relation biunivoque entre la tension et la dŽformation, Ð les tensions sont reliŽes dÕune faon linŽaire aux dŽformations (et de manire Žquivalente, les dŽformations sont reliŽes dÕune faon linŽaire aux tensions). En gŽnŽral au moins une de ces hypothses Ñ et souvent toutes Ñ nÕest pas vŽrifiŽe dans les milieux rŽels. Une description thŽorique valide de la propagation des ondes dans les milieux rŽels dŽpend ainsi de la description ˆ la fois qualitative et quantitative de lÕhŽtŽrogŽnŽitŽ, de lÕanisotropie et de la non-linŽaritŽ : soit on doit supposer (ou montrer) que lՎcart par rapport ˆ lÕhypothse de dŽpart peut tre Ñ pour le problme considŽrŽ Ñ nŽgligŽ, soit on doit dŽvelopper une description thŽorique, valide mme en prŽsence de ces Žcarts. Alors que lÕeffet dÕun seul Žcart par rapport ˆ un Žtat idŽal est relativement bien connu, les difficultŽs surviennent quand on veut combiner plusieurs de ces Žcarts. Les propriŽtŽs Žlastiques non linŽaires dՎchantillons de roche anisotropes (tricliniques) ont ŽtŽ ŽtudiŽes, par P. Rasolofosaon et H. Yin au 6e IWSA ˆ Trondheim (Rasolofosaon et Yin, 1996). LՎlasticitŽ anisotrope non linŽaire est importante seulement pour les amplitudes Ç non infinitŽsimales È, c'est-ˆ-dire dans un certain voisinage de la source. LՎtendue de ce voisinage dŽpend de la prŽcision de lÕobservation et de lÕinterprŽtation que lÕon tente de maintenir, de lÕintensitŽ de la source, et du degrŽ de non-linŽaritŽ. Cet article traite du dernier aspect, c'est-ˆ-dire de la signification des nombres au-delˆ du fait quÕils sont le rŽsultat de mesures. Pour la mesure de la non-linŽaritŽ des matŽriaux, on peut utiliser le seuil de dŽformation au niveau duquel le tenseur de rigiditŽ effective sՎcarte sensiblement du tenseur de rigiditŽ ˆ dŽformation nulle. Il est particulirement utile de prendre en compte le systme propre du tenseur de rigiditŽ (six rigiditŽs propres et six dŽformations propres) : les dŽformations propres fournissent des Ç types de dŽformation È adaptŽs au calcul du tenseur de rigiditŽ effective, et la perturbation peut tre exprimŽe par le changement relatif des rigiditŽs propres et par la variation des directions propres associŽes aux dŽformations propres (exprimŽes en tant que vecteurs dans un espace ˆ six dimensions).

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تاریخ انتشار 1999